Cellular Internalization of Nano β-Tricalcium Phosphate via Arf6 Associated Endocytosis and Its Bone Regeneration Potential
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Wan Syafiqa Meor Hissan
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This dataset investigates the cellular internalization and bone regeneration potential of nano β-tricalcium phosphate (nβ-TCP) as a bone graft material. The synthesized nβ-TCP consists of irregular nanorods (~300 nm agglomerates, –10 mV ζ-potential) and was confirmed as phase-pure β-TCP using XRD and FTIR. In vitro, MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts treated with nβ-TCP (100–500 µg/mL) showed high viability (~80–90%), indicating low cytotoxicity. TEM imaging and protein analysis reveal that nβ-TCP is internalized via an actin-dependent, Arf6-associated, clathrin-independent endocytic pathway, supported by inhibition studies using cytochalasin D, amiloride, and nystatin. In vivo, nβ-TCP and commercial β-TCP were fabricated into pellets and implanted in rabbit tibia. nβ-TCP demonstrated higher mechanical strength (~6.5 MPa vs. ~3.1 MPa) and favorable biological response, with preserved cortical structure and reduced fibrotic changes after 13 weeks. Overall, the dataset provides novel insight into nano-biomaterial uptake mechanisms and supports the potential of nβ-TCP as a biocompatible and effective bone graft material.